Consumer Behavior Case Study Analysis Essay

During overview of discussions on user behavior and buying decisions, cultural and economic empowerment decision-making, usually needs an evaluation of who will experience advantages or costs as a consequence of a specific decision. For main decisions, the evaluations can include a number of stakeholders – workers, investors, clients, loan providers, vendors and government departments, amongst other people. The more precise we can be about persons and groups which may experience advantages or costs from a specific decision, the more likely you will demonstrate that fair decisions will be made. User behavior is about the results of decisions on identifiable persons and groups. Here you will observe the way the cultural and economical effects of decisions on recognizable persons can alter with time. A short review which describes a few of the fundamental elements behind the objective of this analysis includes, but not restricted to the following: 1. Promote good causes of user behavior and buying variations. 2.Increase sensitivity to a better knowledge of variations. 3.Offer an atmosphere for searching how ideas, generalizations and presumptions regarding various buying decisions restrict efficiency and interactions. 4.Analyze and eliminate misconceptions regarding Apple ® and Hong Kong Disneyland ® marketing methods. Analysis and Assessments There’s a wish to keep a creative atmosphere which will encourage persons to reach their maximum potential. In 2 case studies, one with Apple ® and the other with the Disney world Organization, administration has got the duty to determine ways to enhance income by making careful and fair attempts to fix imbalances in areas which affect user behavior and buying decisions. The goals of both companies are to: generate an atmosphere which will lure the persons or groups to offer chances for efficiently buying the best product and service. Both companies are preoccupied with long-term expansion and operating efficiency; from all sections of the society; and to guarantee organization compliance with federal, state and regional laws, and relevant national rules outside of the U.S. These attributes are essential for an organization to keep a competitive advantage in the international market. It seems interesting to find out precisely what related problem needed handling the most – attempting to know ways of interacting among different groups. Varied groups stayed dedicated to each other, for example, Asians, Middle Easterner’s, Caucasians, Blacks, and Hispanics generally assist groups within their own nationality. To go to more efficient understandings one must analyze the connections and know the part of varied communication. The implications by not interacting groups lead to misunderstandings, avoidance, lack of less listening, mismanaged interactions, insufficient progress in developing relationships. â€Å"The latest version of Apple’s iPhone has usually been a powerful seller all over the world, except in Japan. Although some experts had predicted that Apple would sell a million pieces of its latest iPhone in Japan, modified estimations put the figure at more like 500,000 phones. Therefore what’s the issue? The cell phone uses the quicker 3G network and provides a touch monitor. And Apple iPods as well as computers are famous in Japan. Apple iPhone’s utilization of the 3G network isn’t a big deal in Japan, since 3G accessibility has been a standard feature on Japanese mobile phones for many years. And as far as the touch screen is involved, some Japanese users believe that they would have issues becoming accustomed to it. Probably the greatest obstacle facing Apple, however, is what the iPhone doesn’t have. Keep in mind, Japanese users enjoy a few of the world’s most technologically sophisticated mobile phone qualities, for example â€Å"a high-end color screen, digital TV-viewing ability, satellite navigation service, very good music player and digital camera.† One more â€Å"must have† function in Japan, lacking  in the iPhone, is â€Å"emoji,† that is clip art which can be included into sentences to create e-mails more appealing. Additionally, several cell phones in Japan let their consumers to use their mobile phones like debit cards or railway passes.† â€Å"Debate began brewing at Hong Kong Disneyland before the park opened up in autumn 2005. At Disney amusement parks all over the world, marriages and wedding receptions are a lucrative business. Disney is intending to deliver shark’s fin soup as an alternative on wedding party meals at Hong Kong Disneyland. Obviously, Disney desires to display its love for Chinese customs, and affirms that it’s not doing anything more than following regional standards-the meal is regarded a crucial part of a Chinese wedding celebration, and may cost at as much as $150 at the ideal eateries. But, ecological groups from all around the globe are up in arms on the possibility of Disney offering this soup that highlights a noticeable difference between Chinese and Western customs. Even though shark’s fin soup has been a Chinese favorite for 200 years, some ecological groups are worried that China’s growing prosperity has resulted in a larger desire for unusual varieties. For instance, Hong Kong authorities lately ceased a delivery of 1,800 freeze-dried penguins which were being smuggled into mainland China. A few animal supporters are scared that down the road complete varieties might be endangered.† Consumer Behavior and Why It Matters There’s an inspiration which is rooted in tradition, which impacts the way we obtain and gain. Persons are inspired based on the strength and wish either to buy things in relation to a typical or to flourish in competitive pricing scenarios. Most of an organization’s achievement depends upon many elements: personal and occupational experiences, product development, and the kind of company. Other elements can result in satisfaction, for example organization buying policies, marketing methods, cost elements, user requirements and interpersonal relationships. Finding good and legal rules of user behavior, can present practical factors  to building upon latest forums. There are many primary means of keeping and coping with user behavior problems that contain: what we pay attention to; the way we respond to other people; and becoming role models by way of teaching and coaching. The roles we perceive in user behavior should be practical in setting with our rules. In any tradition, thousands of things can be built and used to express several ideas. Most companies would have a hard time thriving internationally if existing tradition and values weren’t congruent with today’s varied culture. Understanding Diverse Cultural Barriers and Roles As analyzed in our text, the ability of sharing cultural power causes excitement and devotion in other people. Tapping into varied inspirations (i.e., Advertising agency BBDO’s (Chicago) recent â€Å"GenWorld Global Teen Study† revealed a substantial alternation in the world’s teens) and abilities in other people so as to pursue objectives helps us internationally. If we let us to build up and know many traditions, we can interact and make new cultural ideas. The composition of traditions has a number of features which help us build upon the underlying structure for marketing. Finding the moral and legal rules of traditions can offer practical factors to building upon latest forums. As also mentioned in our text: â€Å"It is usually hard for an organization intending to conduct business in overseas countries to carry out cross-cultural user research. For example, it is not easy within the Islamic countries of the Middle East to carry out Western-style consumer research. In Saudi Arabia, for example, it’s banned to stop people on the streets, and focus groups are not practical since most meetings of 4 or more people (except for family and spiritual meetings) are banned. American companies wishing to do business inside Russia have discovered a restricted amount of specifics of user and market data. Likewise, marketing research info on China is usually insufficient, and questionnaires which ask private questions arouse doubt. For that reason marketers have tried different ways to generate the information they require. For instance, Grey Advertising has provided cameras to Chinese kids so they can get photos of the items they like and don’t like, instead of ask them to describe it to an unknown person.  Additionally, AC Nielsen conducts focus groups in cafes and children’s playrooms instead of in meeting rooms; and Leo Burnett has posted researchers to China just to â€Å"hang out† with users.† There are many basic methods for keeping and modifying traditions which include: what we focus on; the way we respond to other people; and becoming role models by way of teaching and coaching. The roles we see in traditions should also be practical in establishing with value systems. We may motivate input about suitable values and practices for applying our traditions to promote products or services. Most companies would have a hard time thriving if existing tradition, traditions and values weren’t congruent with today’s varied culture. Choosing to reach for the varied market is not necessarily the ideal, but it’s best when we can examine techniques to offer variety in dealing with positive roles to boost businesses. Additionally, the increasing varied languages create difficulty in addition to variations in problem-solving styles and behavioral roles of persons. Language is a part of tradition, and yet it’s so varied. It is key to tradition as it is the way by which most language is learned and communicated. In any tradition, thousands of things may be built and used to express several ideas. The tensions between group and individual language interests may be highlighted through the free ride and sucker-effect ideas. Based on the person’s situation, persons use language and tradition so as to intimidate and change conditions. One example would be, when persons know and speak the English language when it’s easy and other times pretend they don’t know or speak it. Identifying Lessons Learned Apple ® and Hong Kong Disneyland ® marketing lessons developed around offering a standard which would not be rewarding along with a conventional idea which didn’t resonate all over the world. The tradition of numerous communities represents an intricate pattern of values and anticipations shared by many people all over the world. There are traditions described with shared ideas, ideologies, values, beliefs, presumptions, objectives, attitudes, and norms.  One must recognize the importance of varied traditions so as to know it, particularly where major values regarding the tradition are generally nice. Even though we might have common knowledge on particular norms, research depending on world views will assist us to build up new senses when we constantly convey them within traditional system. Several organizations show different ways of interaction and development at different levels, occasions and scenarios. Organizations for example Apple and Hong Kong Disney may move towards a balance when coping with other traditions. Nonetheless they might differ in personal traditions, which could vary from one atmosphere to another. Their attitudes and belief, might propose methods for knowing how everybody can personally relate. Modern society in general may benefit from good cultural differences, just like we do personally. For that reason, much may be discovered a person’s history by recognizing there are differences, knowing the social systems, and understanding that structure and development variables impact our activities in the manner we build upon personal customs. Conclusion America is usually regarded as the great meeting place in which people from any background can integrate into a single culture. This idealistic way of thinking isn’t relevant in the country these days. A more practical viewpoint is among cultural user behavior or multiculturalism. Varied user behavior and spending brings different sets of abilities and experience to the maximum and plays a role in the general progress and success of a company. Apple ® and Hong Kong Disneyland ® Corporations have to recognize, and several companies have, that user behavior adds to the bottom line by creating a status which helps lure fresh buyers. Companies need to see that User behavior administration can be viewed as a reaction to the need to recognize, value, and take advantage of various backgrounds. Different social groups have different ideals, styles, and people, who have a considerable impact on how they conduct business. Instead of penalizing or curbing the various administration styles as they do not  comply with conventional styles, companies must look to these differences as benefits. Not just does varied buying achieve exactly the same results like conventional styles, additionally, it may improve the company’s competitive standing in the business field. Additionally, it is crucial that administration be conscious of the significance of respecting user behavior.

Czech Republic And The European Union - 1745 Words

Czech Republic has been freed from the shadow of communism for 24 years, and since has made strides in integrating with Western Europe, including joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. Although the known effort to join the global world, the Czech Republic is self-imposing their own isolationist policies as the Syrian Refugee crisis swarms over Europe, except for the Czech Republic. The Isolation is because of the rise of institutionally pushed Islamophobia within the Czech Republic and also the history that has tied the Czech Republic to a naturally xenophobic culture. The Czech Republic is located in central Europe landlocked, while also strategically located extending across some of more†¦show more content†¦President Zeman and others are also using the social identity theory to create the ‘us’ vs ‘them’, which the automatically divides and creates prejudicial attitudes towards the ‘them groupà ¢â‚¬â„¢. The securitization theory and the social identity theory are both political in nature as once the population accepts the threat or ‘us v.s. them’ ideaology, then it enters the political policy agenda. The policy agenda will be pushed with momentum by the perceived reality of the threat, which creates solution to the problem. Islam in the Czech Republic is being utilized and mobilized as a double threat. The first component is the perception of Islam as a violence promoting extremist ideology. The second component of the Islamic threat is the intolerant and totalizing of the religion, which controls all aspects of a Muslim’s life. According to Bonansinga the two sided threat appears to Czechs as â€Å"Europe should protect itself from Muslim migration if it does not want to surrender to an Islamization of its society†. The President of the Czech Republic, Milos Zeman is openly institutionalizing islamophobia in the country; The president holds a sy mbolic role in the parliamentary republic, but the Czech Republic is historically known for their strong man presidents. â€Å"According to Czech President Milos Zeman, the mass migration ofShow MoreRelatedEuropean Union Policies and the Czech Republic2580 Words   |  11 Pages Czech Republic has gone through two major transformations in less than eleven years. In 1993, what was formerly known as Czechoslovakia, split into two separate countries. Both Czech Republic and Slovakia joined the European Union in 2004 along with eight other nations. Two EU policy issues that affected or continue to affect Czech Republic were the adoption of the euro and ratification of the Lisbon Treaty of 2009. Czech Republic’s president is anti-EU and this plays a significant role in showingRead MoreThe Between European And Eastern And Western Europe As The Eu Expands1626 Words   |  7 Pagesanalysis I will be breaking down the evidence to support my theory of EU membership satisfactions var ying across Central/Eastern and Western Europe as the EU expands. I will begin by acknowledging that divide in Europe is not a new concept. In fact, European nations have been divided geographically, socially, economically, and culturally for centuries. In 2003 Hungarian scholar Elemer Hankiss acknowledged the difficulties that face divided Europe and provides insight on the historical divide in the followingRead MoreThe Status Of The Czech Republic And Hungary1194 Words   |  5 PagesThe Status of Women in the Czech Republic and Hungary â€Å"We know that anywhere in the world, where women prosper, societies prosper. In the interest of everyone is to include women in every part of society† is a quote by Catherine Ashton, who served as First Vice President of the European Union. Since the fall of communism and the entrance into the European Union over a decade ago, women in the Czech Republic and Hungary have faced a drastic change of lifestyle. Throughout communism, women had theRead MoreHistory Of The Czech Republic1611 Words   |  7 PagesThe Czech Republic or Czechia in its current form is a relatively young country. Located in Central Europe, it borders Germany, Poland, Austria, and Slovakia. Czechia is a developed nation that joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004. Like other EU Nations, it uses a parliamentary system. This essay will be exploring the history, the institutions that govern the country and, how these institutions work. As well as the economy, the relationship with the EU, and the curre nt political issues challengingRead MoreRussian Gas As A Foreign Policy Weapon1362 Words   |  6 PagesWith 53% of the European Union’s energy being imported in 2013, it is not a surprise that the European Union is continuously seeking alternative energy methods to help gain energy independence. If not complete independence, they hope to lower their reliance on Russia who to frequently uses its energy dominance as a foreign policy weapon. Russian and Ukrainian disputes in 2006, 2009, and 2014 have led to critical gas shortages across the European Union and a public opinion that Russian natural gasRead MoreThe History Of The Czech Republic1655 Words   |  7 PagesA thorough study of the economic transition in the Czech Republic post-communist era offers insight into the  developmental process of a transition state and its struggles at reform and innovation. For nations that have had little-to-no experience with a free market economy, let alone experience with the democra tic institutions that protect it, the formation of such an avant-garde system required collaboration between elites, new and old, as well as by the citizens that would eventually form the backboneRead MoreUnderstanding The Culture Of The Target Market Is Essential For Managing A Subsidiary Efficiently Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagesthe client should expect strong cultural bias in Germany toward German firms and language (Business Culture, 2014d) Source: The Hofstede Centre (2016) Figure (7) below shows that Germany, Austria and Czech Republic have a similar culture, and it is worth mentioning here Austria and Czech Republic are culturally biased toward German firms (Santander trade Portal, 2016a). Source: The Hofstede Centre (2016) Figure (8) below shows that Spain and UK are different in all culture dimensions except forRead MoreThe Cultural Challenges of Doing Business Overseas1100 Words   |  5 Pagespizza business in the Czech Republic (University of Phoenix, 2011). This analysis will include information on the cultural differences between the United States and the Czech Republic and how these differences may affect the business climate. This paper will also review potential risks in doing business overseas and what Kafka may be able to do to mitigate these risks. In addition, trade barriers and price structures will also be discussed. Background Kafka is an American of Czech heritage, speaksRead MoreThe Czech Republic Is Defined As Eurosceptic Country1192 Words   |  5 PagesPublic Opinion Generally the Czech Republic is defined as Eurosceptic country (Kaniok and Majer, 2016). Since, public opinion in the Czech Republic towards the EU are splitted into two positions: for and against. Initially, in the period of membership negotiations until the EU referendum in 2003, opinion poll reveals that Czechs are not Eurosceptics (Riishà ¸j, 2007). Prior to 2004, EU accession was supported by the majority of Czech citizens with 77.3 per cent support EU accession (Bà ¶nker, 2006;Read MoreEconomic Development : The Republic Of Financial System1542 Words   |  7 Pagesessential role in every country’s economic development. It helps reasonably allocate resources, provides risk-sharing opportunities and assists entities economize costs. However, the process of financial system transformation in CEE was arduous. The Czech Republic and Hungary have undertaken efforts to establish a new financial system under constraints from the initial conditions caused by the early policies in the transition process. Accounting system is the foundation of financial systems. In Central

U.s. National Security Efforts And Defending The Nation Essay

Counterterrorism is the use of personnel and tools to acquire, disturb, or dismantle terrorist networks and their affiliates. Counterterrorism is essentially an offensive approach to a terrorist threat involving intelligence operations, diplomacy, military operations, and counterterrorism training. Despite party affiliation and different approaches, both the Bush and Obama administrations have been devoted to U.S. national security efforts and defending the nation. During the Republican Bush administration, 9/11 was both a significant terrorist attack and also a significant event during Bush’s time as president. The group behind 9/11 was a terrorist organization named al-Qaeda, lead by Osama bin Laden. Founded on August 18th 1988, al-Qaeda is a group of Islamic extremists who call for the the creation of caliphate or an Islamic state. 9/11 was a form of vengeance against the U.S. in response to the country’s participation in the Gulf War, continued military presence in the Middle East, and support of Israel. On September 11th 2001, 19 members of al-Qaeda hijacked four planes, crashing two into the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon, and one onto a field in Pennsylvania en route to Washington. Although it was never confirmed, it was believed that the plane en route to Washington was intended for either the White House or the Capitol building. The attack shook the nation and claimed the lives of over 3,000 people. On the evening of September 11th, George BushShow MoreRelatedThe Department Of Homeland Security1176 Words   |  5 Pagesthreats. 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Patton stated Battle is the most magnificent competition in which a human being can indulgeRead MoreTerrorism Attacks On The World Trade Center And Pentagon1481 Words   |  6 Pages2001, there have been different U.S. strategies to try and combat the rise of global terrorism. The attacks made the entire world all too aware of the scale and scope of threats that terrorism can carry. The post-9/11 global climate has thus seen a shift in awareness of and response to terrorist threats. 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The Effects Of Music On The Brain - 1443 Words

The human brain is said to be a very special and important organ in the human body, but what happens to it when it comes in contact with music. There are many studies on what music can do to the brain. There are negative and positive affects of music on the brain. The positive effects of music on the brain are numerous and expansive, with a heavy emphasis on focused concentration. Usually people can interpret faces based on how they feel, but with the help of music humans can see neutral faces differently. â€Å"In fact, our brains actually respond differently to happy and sad music† (Cooper). Happy music usually lets people see people in more happier ways because the person s moods are up and lively. Whereas sad music can make someone see a face as sketchy or bad likely avoiding that person. But sometimes when people listen to sad music, they find it enjoyable because of the emotion. Music doesn’t just affect how people see but how they also think. Different levels of music can affect on how people think on a creative level. Like when people listen to higher pitch noises it can interfere with people s creativity. Unlike soft soothing noises which embrace and strengthen people s creativity. That s why a lot of artists listen to soft calming music so they can create. But in this century more intense sounds in music has been known to spark the creative minds of the younger generation because that is what they have been used to hearing. Sometimes its good to listen to moreShow MoreRelatedMusic Effect On The Brain896 Words   |  4 PagesMusic affects the brain in many different ways. What would our world be like without music? Music has a direct path to our brain. It is a very big part of our daily lives. Everywhere a person goes, they hear music. Music affects chemicals in the brain that affect our emotions. Different types of music affect the brain differently. Music can be used in therapy to help a person with emotional problems. Music is eve n part of every country on earth. Humans are a musical species. Music has a majorRead MoreMusic And Its Effect On The Brain2402 Words   |  10 PagesMusic has a positive affect on mood and behavior through listening to lyrics of music, music therapy, and influence of music. Music has been around for many years, as far back as cavemen. Most Don t know but music has more of a purpose than just mere entertainment. Music is used in many cases as a therapy to help heal people. Music affects many different parts of the brain in a positive way. Music is also used to express pain and sorrow or other emotions and in many cases magnifies the feelingsRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On The Brain2152 Words   |  9 Pageswas conducted to see if certain types of music have different effects on the brain and to see if music has a positive or negative effect. To test the experiment three different types of music were played and the control was no music. Pop, rock and classical music was used. The results were that pop was the most beneficial and rock and class ical were the same. No music was the least beneficial. Introduction Many studies have proven that classical music improves your ability to solve arithmeticalRead MoreMusic s Effect On The Brain1027 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 10H 4-21-15 Music’s Effect on the Brain The effect of music on the human brain may have much stronger powers than one might think. Music can directly improve brain functioning depending on the musical genre. Some studies show, music whether listening or playing, is able to improve the ability to process speech, evoke different emotions, stifle sound when concentrating, and help heal ill patients with cancer or memory disorders (Gholipour). Thats not all, also music can boost reaction timeRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On The Brain And Body1638 Words   |  7 PagesVarious studies have shown different effects of music on the brain and body. According to the results of a study published in Neuroscience Letters, listening to a piece of music interpreted as happy or sad can make a person perceive a neutral face as either happy or sad. PET scans have been performed on a variety of people, some scans focusing on a person’s brain activity while listening to a piece of music, and some scans focusing on a person†™s brain activity while playing a musical instrument.Read MoreThe Effects of Music on Our Brain779 Words   |  3 PagesMusic has been apart of society for thousands of years and an outlet for peoples stress and other problems they may be facing. It helps the brain function and understand conditions better by breaking it down and trying to comprehend it. Music has made and is still making an impact on the lives of people all around the world. Because of its impact on peoples lives neuroscientist wanted to get to the source and have been looking at the brain to determine the exact effects of music and they can nowRead MoreThe Effect Of Music On The Brain And Its Functions2051 Words   |  9 Pageswill discuss the different ways in which music can affect the brain and its functions. Firstly, the effects that music can have in a school environment will be discussed and how they can affect the school environment. A correlation between musical knowledge and different aspects of learn ing will be made, while also discussing the importance of the concrete operational mental phase that the brain goes through. Following that, the connection between reading music and reading books in school will be shownRead MoreHow Music Has An Effect On The Human Brain1561 Words   |  7 PagesDonald A. Hodges and Robin W. Wilkins, two professors of music education at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro have done research and wrote about their findings as it relates to how and why music has an effect on the human brain, in an article entitled How and Why Does Music Move Us?: Answers from Psychology and Neuroscience. In the article they go over the technique used to examine the brain’s interconnectivity as people listen to music. This technique is called Network Science. They writeRead MoreMusic Therapy and Its Positive Effects on the Brain Essay1797 Words   |  8 Pagesequipment and treatment, using music to connect to patients is still a reliable practice. Thr oughout the history of healing practices, music has been used as a remedy. Music is so groundbreaking in the fact that it actually has the ability to affect human beings in so many ways. Music is a huge advantage in a treatment plan as it is calming, strengthening and it can be used for both the physically and mentally ill. To start, the American Music Therapy Association defines Music Therapy as, â€Å"the clinicalRead More Does Classical Music Have an Effect on Infants Brain Development?1857 Words   |  8 PagesDoes Classical Music Have an Effect on Infants Brain Development? In 1998, Zell Miller, the governor of the state of Georgia, started a new program that distributed free CDs with classical music to the parents of every newborn baby in Georgia. Why did he do this? He certainly was not just trying to be nice and win a political statement; instead, his idea came from a new line of research showing a link between listening to classical music and enhanced brain development in infants. (1) So

Italian Culture and Work Ethics free essay sample

History teaches us that it is through the family that new generations are equipped with ethics and values regarding work. The advent of bourgeois society, with its characteristic openness towards other social classes, appears to have relegated the promotion of working values by families to the background. This study sets out to test the hypothesis according to which the family continues to maintain an important role in the transmission of working values. Based on data from the Work Importance Study (Super and Sverko, 1995: Life Roles, Values, a n d Careers, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass), two subgroups were compared (working adults, and high school and university students), considered as representing two different generations (youths vs adults). Some results from cluster anatysis show how substantial similarity exists between adults and youths in terms of ideal values, expressing what would be important in an ideal world. The difference between the subgroups lies in expectations (termed expected values) relating to what would be important in my actual work environment. Here, relatively more important values for young people are relatively less important for working adults. Another result presented concerns the relationship existing betiveen value typobgies (classed into six categories) and personal character associated with birth order. What emerges is that the only children are prevalently the tough type, while the first bom, considered by some to be custodians of family traditions, tum out to be more independent than the second or third bom, identified above all by their calm and sociable characters. Introduction: the work ethic and the family ethic This study presents the results of a survey conducted nationaUy in 1995 on a sample of 1523 subjects (represendng the three main geo-cultural areas of Italy: North, Centre and South—see BeUotto, 1997). The objecdve of the survey was to determine values associated with work. For this a quesdonnaire, a values scale (VS) was used, devised by an intemadonal team pardcipadng in a world-wide survey called the Work Importance Study—WIS (Super and Sverko 1995). With the data coUected, a profile of the value judgements of Italian families was formulated. The importance of working values within the family context has been little explored from a psychological point of view. Yet the family is characterized by the ethical nature of the reladonships it contains, hence its values (Boszormeny-Nagy and Spark, 1973; Cigoli, 1992). The family is rightly placed in that class of insdtudons that Hegel indicated as the ethical horizon of human society. There are very few Italian studies on the processes of value transmission within families, not to mendon the handing down of working values. While one of the principal funcdons recognized as typical of families is the socializadon of the individual, studies regarding the socializadon by families with regard to work are rarely encountered. 1351-1610/99/040583-13 Â © 1999 Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences 584 Massimo Bellotto and Alberto ^atti The lack of research in this field can be partly explained by the relatively recent history of the concept of the family as a scientific subject for study in social psychology. At least until the end of the 1940s, families were considered as a group typology (Lewin, 1951). Successively, interest focused on the pathology of family relationships (Bateson et al. , 1956; Epstein et al. , 1982; Bamhill, 1979; Watzlawick et al. , 1967). It was only in die 1970s that the so-called normal family was considered worthy of psychological investigation as a scientific subject (Scabini, 1985). In recent years, however, the theme of values and the ethical importance of families has emerged strongly in a variety of fields, from individual and family psychotherapy to organizational psychology. In this article we would like to propose that a terminological distinction be made between ethics and morality. Ethics are, as the etymology of the word suggests, the study of the customs (ethos), the social habits, the relational practices of a people or social grouping. Morality relates more to the theme of how much certain behaviour corresponds to a reference model. In this sense, it is important to distinguish between ethics and morality when studying the customs and habits, in a word, the ethics of families (and not their morality). This is to avoid the pitfalls associated with referring to a particular set of values held by the family being analysed. What exacdy are the working values held by families? What relationship exists between these values and family needs? What are the motivations that stir the family organization? And which family values can be linked, even indirecdy, with work? Let us seek some answers to these important questions. Families in history have also been units of production. The peasant family, craft guilds, the factory worker families of the first and second industrial revolutions (Manoukian, 1976) are the most emblematic examples. In medieval society the chances of changing ones profession from the one inherited from the family were rather hmited. Children continued the working traditions of the family without having much choice in the matter. The transmission of working values within family groups, historically speaking, seemed to go without saying. However, it would be worthwhile to pose the question of how families educate their members today with regard to work. Families in Westem society have changed profoundly. The social mobility intrinsic to the very idea of bourgeois society (Weber, 1904) has led to the privatization of family relationships (Aries, 1960) and to the specialization of family practices to the sentimental sphere. The educational role of families is becoming more and more marginal, being delegated to collective institutions such as schools. Moreover, from the viewpoint of economic history, families have become increasingly characterized as units of consumption, losing in part their role as units of production. From a macrosocial perspective, a fundamental problem emerges in Italy: the percentage of youth unemployment is one of the highest in Europe, especially in the South. Working Values and the Italian Family 585 majority of young people between the ages of 15 and 24 live at home: 82. 4% of males and 72. 5% of females. In the next age bracket, 25-34, many more young men sdU live at home with their parents (33. 6%) compared with young women of the same age (22. 9%). According to some demographic projecdons to the year 2000, these percentages wiU touch 36. 3% for young males and 34. 2% for young females. There are cultural and ideological reasons for this phenomenon, such as the idea that marriage is the only proper route towards adult independence (8 males out of 10 and 9 women out of 10 leave the family only foUowing marriage). However, social factors also make a contribudon, in particular, high youth unemployment and a shortage of rental accommodadon. The result is that families coundng a young adult as a member are a socially significant category. Psychological factors and value systems also play an important role. The working values tradidonaUy handed down in Italian families place heavy emphasis on permanent and full-dme employment. The definidve departure from the family is often condidonal on minimizing the risks of independence. Among others, for these two factors (permanent fuU-dme employment and minimum risk of independence), life-dme employment in government and union employment policies have come to be considered as a necessary and sufficient prerequisite for the attainment of adulthood. The quest for so-caUed guaranteed employment has led Italian society to one of the most cridcal paradoxes in its history: the creadon of a barrier to occupadonal access for youth. Thus, the one prerequisite considered a vital and sufficient condidon for the evoludon of Italian families, life-dme employment, has become one of the major obstacles to the same end. By disallowing generational change in employment, it has become impossible for young generadons to enter the workforce, and hence to reach independence. * Following on these consideradons, we decided to use the results of a study on working values (WIS 1995) to shed some light on value differences between young students and adult workers. As mendoned above, very few studies have been carried out in Italy on the transmission of values within families. While the WIS study was not designed for this purpose, we believed that it could give some indicadons regarding the generadon gap (youths vs adults) and differences in social status (students vs workers). The underlying hypothesis to tjiis study is therefore that working adult values can be considered as being similar to those of parents; likewise, those held by young students can be considered as being similar to those of offspring. The WIS survey.

Nature of Motion According To Lucretius and Aristotle

Aristotle and Lucretius talked about the concept of motion in many ways. Their contributions to the concept of motion contributed a lot to the birth of modern science. It is noted that they differed over several ideas as regards to how the world ought to function. In this article, the nature of motion would be discussed in detail, as described by both Aristotle and Lucretius.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of Motion According To Lucretius and Aristotle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The discussion will be based on the assigned texts and passages provided in the class. Moreover, the meaning of nature and its makeup would be defined, as suggested in the paragraphs. Finally, the article will talk about the concept of bodies, as discussed by the two philosophers. It should be noted that they both contributed enormously to the concept of motion, but they differed over some basic concepts related to nature. A ristotle noted that matter is made up of at least four elements, which contribute a lot to the concept of motion. These elements include the earth, water, air, and fire. The heaviest element among the four was the earth. Water was the second in terms of weight while air and fire followed in that order. To Aristotle, the four elements could arrange themselves according to their weights. In this regard, the earth would always be in the center while water would surround it. Water surrounds the earth in the spherical manner while air and fire follow in the same manner. The four elements move towards their center meaning motion exists among the four elements. To Aristotle, steam would form first, which is simply composed of air. This makes it rise above earth. The steam would them form water before becoming part of the earth. The natural process whereby steam would form water, which would finally be part of the earth, would always be a continuous process unless some there are some restra ining factors (Cushing 1998, p. 78). Due to this natural process, motion will always occur.  In the contrary, Lucretius was the view that matter simply consists of atoms, which exist in an empty space. The atoms have the power to move freely in the space. This means that they can collide randomly. However, he could not explain how the atoms can move freely while colliding. The atoms have a constant motion, which is not strange in any way. In this case, the motion is predictable, even though it is determined by the weight of the atom. Lucretius puts forward that when a body faces an exterior force from the collisions of a few other atoms, it makes that atom of a different body to act in response to this collision until they can go back to their original motion and acquire original motion.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This exterior force is the outcome of a separate force (with di ssimilar atoms) acting on the atoms that constitute that force. This cycle of atoms bringing about change in a different set is an ever-continuing sequence of change. However, Lucretius could not explain the sources or the causes of collisions, even though they exist. Generally, this is his explanation of nature, as well as the causes of motion (Earman 1989, p. 20). The two philosophers discussed the issue of bodies extensively in their analysis. To Aristotle, bodies are very important as compared to minute atoms. In his view, bodies are made up of form and matter. The bodies are a combination of the four elements, including the earth, water, air, and fire. Lucretius was of the different view because he noted that just atoms and the empty spaces are real. Collisions among atoms, as well as the arrangement of atoms in the empty space, constitute the bodies. The collisions among atoms occur on daily basis, but the scale at which they collide is very small implying that they cannot be noticed.  It could be concluded in this section that a number of differences exist between the postulations of Aristotle and Lucretius. One of the major differences is the conceptualization of bodies. For Aristotle, bodies are made up of form and matter. Motion occurs between bodies because atoms struggle to go back to their original status. For Lucretius, bodies are made of little atoms, which collide and restructure themselves in a certain way. It should be noted that the ideas of these great philosophers have contributed enormously to the growth of modern science. Cardinal Bellarmine’s reasons for refusing the theory postulated by Copernicus were based on the teachings of the Bible. These teachings had earlier been explained in the medieval times whereby there was a general believe that God was the creator of the world and nothing would change that. Based on this idea, the world was made to believe that the earth was the center of the universe since God created it first. However, the Cardinal cautioned those supporting the theory to stop claiming that the earth was not the center of the universe. In fact, he warned that it was extremely dangerous for scientists to claim that the earth was a mere planet that was not even at the center of the universe. By claiming that the earth was not the center of the universe, the scientists were undermining the Bible, as well as the church. This would definitely threaten the powers of the church leaders in society since they always preached that only the church could interpret things related to creation and reproduction. Those supporting the theory confirmed using the Bible that the sun goes round the earth, but not the other way round. In case the scientists would be allowed to confirm the allegations, the leadership of Bellarmine would be in danger because people would no longer believe in the teachings of the Bible.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of Motion According To Lucretius and Aristotle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the end, the church would lose power to scientists, something that would interfere with the relationship between people and the church (Sklar 1992, p. 21).  Bellarmine relied on a misplaced notion that the earth was very heavy meaning that it could not move freely. In case the earth would move around the sun, everything on earth would also move, including trees and other natural features. He therefore demanded for an explanation regarding the claims that the earth is not the center of the universe. Galileo utilized a number of scientific techniques to prove to the church that the earth was not the center of the universe. Once of the equipments he used was the telescope, which proved in the end that the theory was indeed accurate. He noted through scientific observations that the moon is aligned to the Jupiter. In a different occasion, he observed that the moon went round meaning tha t there is a high possibility that even the moon goes round. It can be observed from this experimentation that knowledge is usually gained through trial and error, but not relying on the writings of others. His contributions to modern science are enormous because he lacked modern equipments yet he proved to the church that the earth was not the center of the universe (Lloyd 1973, p. 59).  Galileo refused to utilize the Bible as the basis of his research because it is subject to multiple interpretations. In fact, he observed that church leaders might interpret the Bible to suit their interests, but not those of society in general. The interpretation of the Bible in the ancient times was dangerous to the development of science. In his view, the Bible could not be used to offer scientific direction in society because scientists were not given room to offer their interpretations. Through constant research, Galileo proved to society that some of the beliefs held in high esteem could be inaccurate. He proved this by giving a story of the anatomical dissection. Moreover, he warned new scientists to be cautious when presenting their research findings because society is always reluctant to embrace change. In other words, people do not like hearing things that might interfere with their positions in society, especially the elites. It can be concluded in this section that Galileo was determined to prove to the church that the earth is not the center of the universe using the available equipments. He managed to convince the church that the moon moves around the earth while the earth moves around the sun. This was new revelation that was strongly opposed by the church members. This shows that Bellarmine was resistant to change and competition yet scientists, including Galileo, were ready to embrace the new science.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More List of References Cushing, J 1998, Philosophical concepts in physics: the historical relation between philosophy and scientific theories, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Earman, J 1989, World enough, and space-time: absolute versus relational theories of space and time, MIT Press, Cambridge. Lloyd 1973, Greek Science after Aristotle. W. W. Norto, New York. Sklar, L 1992, Philosophy of physics, Oxford University Press, Oxford. This essay on Nature of Motion According To Lucretius and Aristotle was written and submitted by user Reece Wooten to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.